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| 1851 |
| | | An American clergyman, L.L. Langstroth, discovers the 'bee space', which becomes a standard feature of the modern beehive | |
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| 1854 |
| | | Austrian monk Gregor Mendel begins his study of pea plants in the garden of the Abbey of St Thomas in Brno | |
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| 1854 |
| | | English physician John Snow proves that cholera is spread by infected water (from a pump in London's Broad Street) | |
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| 1856 |
| | | The first Neanderthal man to be discovered is unearthed by quarry workers in the Neander valley, near Düsseldorf | |
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| 1857 |
| | | French chemist Louis Pasteur proves the existence of micro-organisms by showing that a liquid will only ferment if exposed to contamination from the air | |
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| 1858 |
| | | Charles Darwin is alarmed to receive in his morning post a paper by Alfred Russell Wallace, outlining very much his own theory of evolution | |
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| 1859 |
| | | Charles Darwin puts forward the theory of evolution in On the Origin of Species, the result of 20 years' research | |
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| 1865 |
| | | Gregor Mendel reads a paper to the Natural History Society in Brno describing his discoveries in the field of genetics | |
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| 1883 |
| | | English polymath Francis Galton publishes Inquiries in Human Faculty, developing the theme of eugenics and coining the term | |
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| 1903 |
| | | In a paper to a congress in Madrid, on the 'psychology and psychopathology of animals', Ivan Pavlov announces his discovery of the conditioned reflex | |
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